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Wednesday, November 12th, 2008

In his book entitled Science in Action, the sociologist Bruno Latour attempts to “penetrate science from the outside, following controversies and accompanying scientists up to the end, being slowly led out of science in the making” (1987). I too would like to employ this method in order to explore and expose ‘science in the making’, albeit confined to a more specific genre. Latour notes that “apart from those who make science, who study it, who defend it or who submit to it, there exist, fortunately, a few people, either trained as scientists or not, who open the black boxes [facts] so that outsiders may have a glimpse at them.” I would like to open one of these ‘black boxes’ by focusing on the pharmaceutical industry’s, particularly drug manufacturer Pfizer Pharmaceuticals’, mobilization of science and scientists towards the construction of the ‘fact’ of erectile dysfunction. From my research, it becomes evident that so-called facts believed by many can become seen as such based on the decisions and tactics made by a powerful few. In formulating my research questions, I decided to explore the advancement of medicine into the realm of sex, and more specifically into the realm of erectile function. I also wanted to illustrate how Pfizer successfully created a market for Viagra using the medical literature, as well as to find who is involved in the production and marketing of Viagra, and how this is done. Arnold Relman, a critic of the pharmaceutical industry’s relations with the general medical profession, is wellknown for his theory on the medical industrial complex. Although he examines arrangements in today’s “marketoriented, profit-driven health care industry” such as continuing medical education for physicians provided by corporations, I would like to extend his analysis by looking at a specific relationship between the health care industry and a specific pharmaceutical (1991). Through my research, I hope to examine, and contribute to this topic with regards to whether there is evidence of a medical industrial complex occurring in the case of Pfizer’s Viagra.Lastly, I wanted to make all of the 14 above inquiries from a sociological perspective, a perspective which is evidently lacking in the literature on the subject. Multiple factors influence the adoption of a new medical treatment into medical practice. These include the previous difficulty in treatment of the condition, the facility and risks associated with the new treatment, information provided by sales representatives and the media to both health care providers and the public, as well as perceived patient demand by health care providers (Harrold et al., 2000). I argue that with these points in mind, individuals at Pfizer set out to reinforce, downplay, or construct facts and ideas in order to promote the sales of Viagra. I am not attempting to overlook or deny the social and economic factors which enabled the rise of the medical problem known as erectile dysfunction. Rather, I argue that many of these factors were skillfully employed by one group of entrepreneurs: the marketing force at Pfizer. My examination of the evidence provided by the medical literature reveals a powerful corporation’s transformation of a bodily condition into a legitimate disease, and a drug into the legitimate treatment of this ‘disease’ through many skillful, yet manipulative moves. The well-contrived financial support of certain researchers, positioning of certain research findings, relegation of side effects, as well as the intentional empowerment of patients while overshadowing the medical profession, were and are strategies which worked to make Viagra the fastest selling prescription drug in the history of the United States, and in the process helped to promote the medicalization of a problem with larger social ties. My focus centers on the people who constructed the product and the demand. They include more than just individuals at Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, but also researchers, physicians, consultants, and patients, all of whom contributed in large part to make Viagra into the product and phenomenon, which it has evolved into.Low Cost Cialis is an Men’s Health medicine in the class of drugs called Tadalafil.You can buy cheap Low Cost Cialis from the reputed pharmacies approved by the FDA. The prices quoted here are the cheapest and impossible to find anywhere.Buy Low Cost Cialis online without a prescription from a FDA approved Online Pharmacy. Order Low Cost Cialis at lowest and cheap prices.

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    In his book entitled Science in Action, the sociologist Bruno Latour attempts to “penetrate science from the outside, following controversies and accompanying...